الزهيمر؟

[monyanna]

السلام عليكم اخواتي الفراشات بدي احكي شوي عن الزهيمر..........

ينسب اسم مرض الزهيمر Alzheimer الى اسم طبيب الأعصاب الألماني AIios Alzhemer(1864 - 1915) الذي اكتشفه.

هو أكثر أسباب حدوث الخرف لدى كبار السن، وهو مرض يصيب الدماغ، ويؤثر على الأجزاء الخاصة بالوظائف العقلية والسلوكية والذهنية. ومع أن الأبحاث تتواصل لمعرفة المزيد عن هذا المرض إلا أنه لم يتم فهم آلية حدوثه بالضبط، ولم يتم تطوير علاج أو طريقة للشفاء منه حتى الآن.
يبدأ المرض من بعد سن الستين، وقد يصيب في حالات نادرة من هم أصغر من ذلك .
وتشير الإحصاءات إلي أن 3 % ممن تعدوا سن الخامسة والستين يصابون بمرض الزهيمر، ونصف الذين تعدوا سن الخامسة والثمانين مصابون بالمرض، غير أن ما يجب التأكيد عليه هنا هو أن مرض الزهيمر ليس نتيجة طبيعية للتقدم في السن؛ بل هو مرض طارئ.
تعود تسمية المرض إلي طبيب الماني يدعى "الويس الزهيمر" الذي يعد أول من وصف المرض عام 1905.جاء وصف الزهيمر للمرض بعد دراسته لأنسجة الدماغ لدى إحدى مريضاته، التي توفيت بعد أن أصيبت بأعراض غريبة لم تكن موصوفة من قبل.
ومع التقدم في تقنية التشخيص وجد أن هناك تغيرات عديدة في الجهاز العصبي المركزي لدى مرض الزهيمر وهذه التغيرات تزيد مع الوقت، وينتج عنها أعراض ذهنية وسلوكية تختلف من مريض لآخر طبقاً لدرجة التأثر.
ما الذي يسبب مرض الزهيمر؟
العلماء حتى الآن غير قادرين على التعرف بشكل مباشر على سبب تلك التغيرات النسيجية والكميائية في الجهاز العصبي المركزي لدى مرضى الزهيمر.
وليس هناك – على ما يبدو – سبب واحد يمكن أن يعزي إليه المرض، لكن أهم العوامل الظاهرة للإصابة بالمرض هو التقدم في السن كما سبق.
وتتضاعف نسبة الإصابة بالمرض مع كل خمس سنوات زيادة بعد سن الخامسة والستين، ومن العوامل الأخرى المهمة التاريخ العائلي لنفس المرض فهذا يزيد من فرصة الإصابة به، وهناك نوع من الزهيمر يجرى في العائلة الواحدة ولكنه نادر، وهنا يصاب المرضى في سن مبكرة ما بين سن الثلاثين والستين. من جانب آخر تمكن العلماء من التعرف على الجين المسؤول عن حدوث المرض أو الذي يرتبط بالمرض بشكل مباشر. وأما أثر العوامل الأخرى في الإصابة بالمرض مثل الغذاء والأمراض العضوية الأخرى والبيئة التي يعيش فيها الانسان وما شابه ذلك؛ فلا تزال محل دراسة، ولم يتضح دورها بعد.
ما هي أعراض الزهيمر؟
يبدأ المرض ويتطور بشكل بطيء في أول الأمر، وتكون الأعراض خفيفة غير ملحوظة، وربما يعزوها أقارب المريض إلى أسباب أخرى. أهم الأعراض في أول الأمر هو تعرض المريض إلى صعوبات في التذكر، وخاصة الأحداث القريبة وأسماء الأشخاص والأماكن التي تعرف إليها مؤخراً، ثم يعاني من صعوبات في أداء بعض العمليات الحسابية البسيطة.
ومثل هذه الأعراض قد تسبب بعض الإزعاج، ولكنها ليست سبباً للقلق في أول الأمر.
مع الوقت تزيد الأعراض وضوحاً وخطورة، و حينها يلجأ المريض أو أقرباؤه إلى الطبيب لمعرفة السبب؛ فعلى سبيل المثال في المراحل المتوسطة من المرض قد يعجز المريض عن أداء وظائفه اليومية البسيطة كمشط الشعر أو تفريش الأسنان وما شابه ذلك.
وتبدأ المعاناة من الوظائف العقلية المهمة؛ كالحديث والكتابة والقراءة والفهم والتفكير وغيرها من الوظائف العقلية، وفي مراحل متأخرة تظهر أعراض نفسية وسلوكية مثل العنف وحدة الطبع والشرود وربما الهرب من المسكن، وحينها يحتاج المريض إلى رعاية كاملة إذ لا يستطيع أن قوم بشؤون نفسه دون مساعدة من أحد.
كيف يمكن تشخيص المرض؟
يفيد التشخيص المبكر للمرض في وضع خطة رعاية واضحة للمريض بمساعدة أهله والمحيطين به، كما أن ذلك يعطي وقتاً لوضع أفضل الخطط والإجراءات لتوفير الرعاية الكريمة للمريض، وخاصة مع مرور الأيام وتقدم المرض، وأخيراً يفيد التشخيص المبكر في اقتراح أفضل العلاجات التي ربما تفيد في تأخير تطور المرض أو معالجة المضاعفات البدنية والذهنية.
مع الأسف أفضل وأدق طريقة للتأكد من المرض هي إجراء دراسة نسيجية مباشرة لأنسجة المخ، وهذا كما هو معروف لا يتسنى إلا بعد أن يفارق المريض الحياة، ولهذا فالتشخيص غير مؤكد تماماً طالما كان المريض حياً، وحينها يقال عنه إنه يحتمل إن يكون مصاباً بالمرض، غير أنه في بعض المراكز المتخصصة يمكن تأكيد التشخيص بنسبة تصل إلى 90 % وذلك عن طريق الوسائل التالية:
-السؤال للحصول على إجابات وافيه وشاملة عن حياة المريض وتاريخه الصحي والصعوبات التي يعانيها حتى اللحظة في ممارسة أنشطته اليومية المعتادة.
- فحوصات للدم وللسائل النخاعي وللبول.
- اختبارات ذهنية للذاكرة والتركيز وحل المشكلات وللغة ما شابه..
- عمل دراسة إشعاعية للمخ، وأفضلها الرنين المغناطيسي والأشعة المقطعية.
بهذه الوسائل مجتمعة يمكن الوصول إلى شبه تأكيد لتشخيص المرض. يضاف إلى ذلك إجراء كشوفات وفحوصات أخرى لاستبعاد أسباب أخرى قد تعطي أعراضاً مشابهة، مثل: جلطة الدماغ، أو أورام المخ، وأمراض الغدة الدرقية، وتفاعلات الأدوية، والأمراض النفسية كالاكتئاب، وكثير من تلك الأسباب يمكن علاجه والشفاء منه بطريقة فعالة بإذن الله.
-علاج الزهيمر:
-مرض الزهيمر مرض بطيء التطور وتختلف مراحلة في شدة الأعراض وتأثيرها على المريض وعلى قدراته على العناية بنفسه. بشكل عام يعيش المصاب بالزهيمر في المتوسط من 8 – 10 سنوات – بقدرة الله ومشيئته – من بعد بداية المرض، وقد يعيش أكثر من ذلك إلى فترة قد تصل إلى عشرين سنة.
حتى الآن ليس هناك علاج يوقف تقدم المرض وتطوره، ولكن للمرضى في المراحل الأولى والمتوسطة من المرض هناك بعض العلاجات المفيدة مثل: عقار تاكرين كوجنكس ((Cognex، و دونبزيل (ارسيبت Aricept)، و ريفاستقيمين ( اكسيلون Exelon ) وغيرها . تفيد هذه العلاجات في منع تطور الأعراض إلى ما هو أسوأ لفترة من الوقت.
-إضافة إلى ذلك فهناك العلاجات التي تفيد في ضبط الأعراض السلوكية والنفسية للمرض؛ مثل: صعوبة النوم، و الهيجان، والاكتئاب والقلق والتوتر، وضبط مثل هذه الأعراض يفيد في راحة المريض أكثر، كما يفيد ويريح القائمين على رعايته وخدمته، وهناك أدوية أخرى لا تزال محل بحث ودراسة مثل أثر فيتامينE والأدوية المضادة لالتهابات وهرمون الاستروجين وغيرها.
-ماذا يحتاج مريض الزهيمر؟
-مما سبق يظهر أنه لا علاج للمرض حتى الآن، ولهذا يبقى موضوع الرعاية والعناية الطبية من أقرباء المريض الملاصقين له هو أهم ما يجب التركيز عليه.
إن تدني القدرات العقلية والبدنية للمريض تجعله في حاجة دائمة لمن يعتني بشؤونه ويقوم على حاجاته اليومية حتى البسيطة منها، وهذه الرعاية تحتاج معرفة وتدريب إلى حد ما للتعرف عن قرب على كيفية التعامل مع المريض بطريقة صحيحة وفهم المرض وأعراضه، والتغيرات التي تظهر ربما بشكل يومي على تصرفات المريض وقدراته، وتزيد حاجة المريض إلى الرعاية والاعتماد على الآخرين كلما تقدم به المرض مع الوقت.

عن د.م.عبد الله العتيق

..

[lena]

بارك الله فيك اختي معلومات قيمه

و ربنا يستر علينا و علي جميع المسلمين

مرض اعراضه بشعه جدااا

ننتظر جديدك يا اختي

[monyanna]

مشرفتي لينا مشكورة عالحضور المتالق دوما..................

ومتل ما قلتي الله يحفظنا.
..

[White_Swan]

موضوع مهم مفيد وقيم
حير الزهايمر كثير من الاطباء لفترة كثير
اللهم يعافينا ويعافيكم....
بارك الله بك اختي الكريمة
دمتي سالمه

[monyanna]

وايت احلى بجعة بالمنتدى مشكورة وايت لحضورك

ودمتي بخير

...

[بعيدة الهقاوي]

مساء الخير
حبيت اطلب منك طلب لو سمحتي ابي موضوع الزهيمر باللغه الانجليزيه لاني ابي بحث عنه بس بالانجلش ارجو مسااعدتي اذا تقدرين .ومشكووووووووووووووره .ابيه بكره لو قدرتي .
باااااي

[لين القلوب]

معلومه مهمه جدا يعطيك العافيه

تحياتي.......................

[naddoy]

منيانا يا عسوله معلومه مهمه جدا يعطيك العافيه ... عجبني الموضوع كثيييييييييييييييير :-)

[ابنة الإسـلام]

نســـأل الله العفو والعافية في الدين والدنيا والآخرة

[monyanna]

مشكوريناخواتي الفراشات عالمرور
مونيانا

[monyanna]

بعيدة هيدا الموضوع بالانجليزي
What is Alzheimer's disease (AD
)?
Dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person’s ability to carry out daily activities. The most common form of dementia among older people is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which initially involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. Although scientists are learning more every day, right now they still do not know what causes AD, and there is no cure.
AD is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German doctor. In 1906, Dr. Alzheimer noticed changes in the brain tissue of a woman who had died of an unusual mental illness. He found abnormal clumps (now called amyloid plaques) and tangled bundles of fibers (now called neurofibrillary tangles). Today, these plaques and tangles in the brain are considered signs of AD.
Scientists also have found other brain changes in people with AD. Nerve cells die in areas of the brain that are vital to memory and other mental abilities, and connections between nerve cells are disrupted. There also are lower levels of some of the chemicals in the brain that carry messages back and forth between nerve cells. AD may impair thinking and memory by disrupting these messages.

How many Americans have AD?
Scientists think that up to 4.5 million Americans suffer from AD. The disease usually begins after age 60, and risk goes up with age. While younger people also may get AD, it is much less common. About 5 percent of men and women ages 65 to 74 have AD, and nearly half of those age 85 and older may have the disease. It is important to note, however, that AD is not a normal part of aging.
How long can a person live with AD?
AD is a slow disease, starting with mild memory problems and ending with severe brain damage. The course the disease takes and how fast changes occur vary from person to person. On average, AD patients live from 8 to 10 years after they are diagnosed, though the disease can last for as many as 20 years.
What is Dementia?
The term "dementia" describes a group of symptoms that are caused by changes in brain function. Dementia symptoms may include asking the same questions repeatedly; becoming lost in familiar places; being unable to follow directions; getting disoriented about time, people, and places; and neglecting personal safety, hygiene, and nutrition. People with dementia lose their abilities at different rates.
Dementia is caused by many conditions. Some conditions that cause dementia can be reversed, and others cannot. The two most common forms of dementia in older people are and (sometimes called vascular dementia). These types of dementia are irreversible, which means they cannot be cured.
Reversible conditions with symptoms of dementia can be caused by a high fever, dehydration, vitamin deficiency and poor nutrition, bad reactions to medicines, problems with the thyroid gland, or a minor head injury. Medical conditions like these can be serious and should be treated by a doctor as soon as possible.
Sometimes older people have emotional problems that can be mistaken for dementia. Feeling sad, lonely, worried, or bored may be more common for older people facing retirement or coping with the death of a spouse, relative, or friend. Adapting to these changes leaves some people feeling confused or forgetful. Emotional problems can be eased by supportive friends and family, or by professional help from a doctor or counselor.
.......يتبع بعيدة

[monyanna]

وهي تتمة بعيدة.................
What is Multi-Infarct Dementia (MID)?
In multi-infarct dementia, a series of small strokes or changes in the brain's blood supply may result in the death of brain tissue. The location in the brain where the small strokes occur determines the seriousness of the problem and the symptoms that arise. Symptoms that begin suddenly may be a sign of this kind of dementia. People with multi-infarct dementia are likely to show signs of improvement or remain stable for long periods of time, then quickly develop new symptoms if more strokes occur. In many people with multi-infarct dementia, high blood pressure is to blame. One of the most important reasons for controlling high blood pressure is to prevent strokes.
What is Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)?
During the past several years, scientists have focused on a type of memory change called mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MCI is different from both AD and normal age-related memory change. People with MCI have ongoing memory problems but do not have other losses like confusion, attention problems, and difficulty with language


What Causes AD?
Scientists do not yet fully understand what causes AD. There probably is not one single cause, but several factors that affect each person differently. Age is the most important known risk factor for AD. The number of people with the disease doubles every 5 years beyond age 65.
Family history is another risk factor. Scientists believe that genetics may play a role in many AD cases. For example, early-onset familial AD, a rare form of AD that usually occurs between the ages of 30 and 60, is inherited. The more common form of AD is known as late-onset. It occurs later in life, and no obvious inheritance pattern is seen in most families. However, several risk factor genes may interact with each other and with non-genetic factors to cause the disease. The only risk factor gene identified so far for late-onset AD is a gene that makes one form of a protein called apolipoprotein E (ApoE). Everyone has ApoE, which helps carry cholesterol in the blood. Only about 15 percent of people have the form that increases the risk of AD. It is likely that other genes also may increase the risk of AD or protect against AD, but they remain to be discovered.
More information:

The NIA-sponsored AD Genetics Study seeks to learn more about risk factor genes for late onset AD.
Scientists still need to learn a lot more about what causes AD. In addition to genetics and ApoE, they are studying education, diet, and environment to learn what role they might play in the development of this disease. Scientists are finding increasing evidence that some of the risk factors for heart disease and stroke, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and low levels of the vitamin folate, may also increase the risk of AD. Evidence for physical, mental, and social activities as protective factors against AD is also increasing.



.
What are the Symptoms of AD?
AD begins slowly. At first, the only symptom may be mild which can be confused with age-related memory change. Most people with mild forgetfulness do not have AD. In the early stage of AD, people may have trouble remembering recent events, activities, or the names of familiar people or things. They may not be able to solve simple math problems. Such difficulties may be a bother, but usually they are not serious enough to cause alarm.


However, as the disease goes on, symptoms are more easily noticed and become serious enough to cause people with AD or their family members to seek medical help. Forgetfulness begins to interfere with daily activities. People in the middle stages of AD may forget how to do simple tasks like brushing their teeth or combing their hair. They can no longer think clearly. They can fail to recognize familiar people and places. They begin to have problems speaking, understanding, reading, or writing. Later on, people with AD may become anxious or aggressive, or wander away from home. Eventually, patients need total care.

[monyanna]

وهي باقي الموضوع بعيدة..........

Other Causes of Dementia Symptoms
Many different medical conditions may cause symptoms that seem like Alzheimer's disease, but are not. Some of these medical conditions may be treatable. Reversible conditions can be caused by a high fever, dehydration, vitamin deficiency and poor nutrition, bad reactions to medicines, problems with the thyroid gland, or a minor head injury. Medical conditions like these can be serious and should be treated by a doctor as soon as possible
Diagnosis


•


How is AD Diagnosed?
Today, the only definite way to diagnose AD is to find out whether there are plaques and tangles in brain tissue. To look at brain tissue, however, doctors must usually wait until they do an autopsy, which is an examination of the body done after a person dies. Therefore, doctors can only make a diagnosis of "possible" or "probable" AD while the person is still alive.
At specialized centers, doctors can diagnose AD correctly up to 90 percent of the time. Doctors use several tools to diagnose "probable" AD, including:
• questions about the person's general health, past medical problems, and ability to carry out daily activities;
• tests to measure memory, problem solving, attention, counting, and language;
• medical tests - such as tests of blood, urine, or spinal fluid; and
• brain scans.
Sometimes these test results help the doctor find other possible causes of the person's symptoms. For example, thyroid problems, drug reactions, depression, brain tumors, and blood vessel disease in the brain can cause AD-like symptoms. Some of these other conditions can be treated successfully.
What is the outlook for someone diagnosed with AD?
The course the disease takes and how fast changes occur vary from person to person. On average, AD patients live from 8 to 10 years after they are diagnosed, though the disease can last for as many as 20 years.
Why is early diagnosis important?
An early, accurate diagnosis of AD helps patients and their families plan for the future. It gives them time to discuss care options while the patient can still take part in making decisions. Early diagnosis also offers the best chance to treat the symptoms of the disease

Treatment


What drugs are currently available to treat AD?
No treatment can stop AD. However, for some people in the early and middle stages of the disease, the drugs tacrine (Cognex®), donepezil (Aricept®), rivastigmine (Exelon®), or galantamine (Razadyne®, formerly known as Reminyl®) may help prevent some symptoms from becoming worse for a limited time. Another drug, memantine (Namenda®), has been approved to treat moderate to severe AD, although it also is limited in its effects.
Also, some medicines may help control behavioral symptoms of AD such as sleeplessness, agitation, wandering, anxiety, and depression. Treating these symptoms often makes patients more comfortable and makes their care easier for caregivers.
What potential new treatments are being researched?
The National Institute on Aging (NIA), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), is the lead Federal agency for AD research. NIA-supported scientists are testing a number of drugs to see if they prevent AD, slow the disease, or help reduce symptoms. Some ideas that seem promising turn out to have little or no benefit when they are carefully studied in a clinical trial. Researchers undertake clinical trials to learn whether treatments that appear promising in observational and animal studies actually are safe and effective in people.
Mild Cognitive Impairment. During the past several years, scientists have focused on a type of memory change called mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is different from both AD and normal age-related memory change. People with MCI have ongoing memory problems, but they do not have other losses such as confusion, attention problems, and difficulty with language. The NIA-funded Memory Impairment Study compared donepezil (Aricept), vitamin E, or placebo in participants with MCI to see whether the drugs might delay or prevent progression to AD. The study found that the group with MCI taking the drug donepezil were at reduced risk of progressing to AD for the first 18 months of a 3-year study when compared with their counterparts on placebo. The reduced risk of progressing from MCI to a diagnosis of AD among participants on donepezil disappeared after 18 months, and by the end of the study, the probability of progressing to AD was the same in the two groups. Vitamin E had no effect at any time point in the study when compared with placebo.

[monyanna]

واخيرا اخر جزء...............
.
Neuroimaging. Scientists are finding that damage to parts of the brain involved in memory, such as the hippocampus, can sometimes be seen on brain scans before symptoms of the disease occur. An NIA public-private partnership—the AD Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)—is a large study that will determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans, or other imaging or biological markers, can see early AD changes or measure disease progression. The project is designed to help speed clinical trials and find new ways to determine the effectiveness of treatments.
AD Genetics. The NIA is sponsoring the AD Genetics Study to learn more about risk factor genes for late onset AD. To participate in this study, families with two or more living siblings diagnosed with AD should contact the National Cell Repository for AD (NCRAD) toll-free at 1-800-526-2839. Information may also be requested through the study’s website.
Inflammation. There is evidence that inflammation in the brain may contribute to AD damage. Some studies have suggested that drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) might help slow the progression of AD, but clinical trials thus far have not demonstrated a benefit from these drugs. A clinical trial studying two of these drugs, rofecoxib (Vioxx) and naproxen (Aleve) showed that they did not delay the progression of AD in people who already have the disease. Another trial, testing whether the NSAIDs celecoxib (Celebrex) and naproxen could prevent AD in healthy older people at risk of the disease, has been suspended. However, investigators are continuing to follow the participants and are examining data regarding possible cardiovascular risk. Researchers are continuing to look for ways to test how other anti-inflammatory drugs might affect the development or progression of AD.
Antioxidants. Several years ago, a clinical trial showed that vitamin E slowed the progress of some consequences of AD by about 7 months. Additional studies are investigating whether antioxidants—vitamins E and C—can slow AD. Another clinical trial is examining whether vitamin E and/or selenium supplements can prevent AD or cognitive decline, and additional studies on other antioxidants are ongoing or being planned.
Ginkgo biloba. Early studies suggested that extracts from the leaves of the ginkgo biloba tree may be of some help in treating AD symptoms. There is no evidence yet that ginkgo biloba will cure or prevent AD, but scientists now are trying to find out in a clinical trial whether ginkgo biloba can delay cognitive decline or prevent dementia in older people.
Estrogen. Some studies have suggested that estrogen used by women to treat the symptoms of menopause also protects the brain. Experts also wondered whether using estrogen could reduce the risk of AD or slow the disease. Clinical trials to test estrogen, however, have not shown that estrogen can slow the progression of already diagnosed AD. And one study found that women over the age of 65 who used estrogen with a progestin were at greater risk of dementia, including AD, and that older women using only estrogen could also increase their chance of developing dementia.
Scientists believe that more research is needed to find out if estrogen may play some role in AD. They would like to know whether starting estrogen therapy around the time of menopause, rather than at age 65 or older, will protect memory or prevent AD.
For more information on recent estrogen study findings:
What are Clinical Trials?
People with AD, those with MCI, or those with a family history of AD, who want to help scientists test possible treatments may be able to take part in clinical trials. Healthy people also can help scientists learn more about the brain and AD. The NIA maintains the AD Clinical Trials Database, which lists AD clinical trials sponsored by the Federal government and private companies. You also can sign up for e-mail alerts on new clinical trials as they are added to the database. Additional clinical trials information is available at
Many of these studies are being done at NIA-supported Alzheimer's Disease Centers located throughout the United States. These centers carry out a wide range of research, including studies of the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and management of AD.
The NIA also supports the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS), a consortium of researchers at 109 sites in the U.S. and Canada conducting large-scale clinical trials of new approaches to treating and preventing AD. The ADCS is based at the University of California, San Diego

[العقيق]

الله يعافي الجميع

ألحين عرفت عن هذا المرض ، للأسف أم صديقتي تعاني منه ، أدعولها بالشفاء ياااارب

[monyanna]

مشكورة العقيق عالمرور
ميس لو